{"id":386,"date":"2012-12-20T17:20:25","date_gmt":"2012-12-20T17:20:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/?p=386"},"modified":"2013-12-24T18:44:22","modified_gmt":"2013-12-24T23:44:22","slug":"clean-technica-article-on-sub-20-per-mwh-energy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/clean-technica-article-on-sub-20-per-mwh-energy\/","title":{"rendered":"Cleantechnica Article &#8211; Using Thermodynamics and 100 Year Old Technology To Break The $20 per MWh Barrier"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Possible Title : Using Thermodynamics and 100 Year Old Technology To Break The $20 per MWh Barrier\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sub $20 per MWh Energy &#8211; Part 1 &#8211;\u00a0Using Thermodynamics and 100 Year Old Technology To Break The $20 per MWh Barrier\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For years the production of energy has\u00a0fascinated\u00a0me. Over the past 20 years I have experimented with solar cells made via inkjet printer, a hydraulically coupled compressor and turbine based on Tesla&#8217;s turbine, vertical wind turbines, high temperature cracking of water, high COP heat pumps, all the different varieties of\u00a0Stirling engines, and many other energy projects.\u00a0Continuously going back to old projects to incrementally improve them and make them perfect has been fun, except perfect is the enemy of finished.<\/p>\n<p>The week long power outage here in New Jersey, after hurricane Sandy, made me realize that we need simple,\u00a0scalable, cheap, and locally produced power. Removing all distractions and giving an engineer of German\u00a0lineage\u00a0a week to think on a problem often gets the problem solved. After pulling out the 7 pocket expanding file with all my past Stirling designs, a couple note pads, my favorite gel pens, a dry erase board, and some reference books, \u00a0I began designing. As with any engineering project you need describe what you want to accomplish, and your limiting factors. Due to cost constraints, engineering is always compromise.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is the goal?<\/strong>\u00a0 An always on (24 x 7 x 365) power supply that is inexpensive to produce, can be bulk produced with readily available materials, can be manufactured in any nation using 1950&#8217;s or earlier technology, and has a working lifespan greater than 20 years. \u00a0<em>(That sounds really simple doesn&#8217;t it?)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>What are the design criteria?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Low Temperature Differential (LTD) Stirling based design.<\/li>\n<li>All parts must be designed for high speed manufacture and assembly.<\/li>\n<li>All materials used must be inexpensive and readily available.<\/li>\n<li>The Stirling design must have the least number of wear points possible.<\/li>\n<li>It must use inexpensive solar thermal panels for gathering\u00a0energy.<\/li>\n<li>The solar panels must be easily produced in an automated\u00a0fashion.<\/li>\n<li>It must have inexpensive (dirt cheap) energy storage.<\/li>\n<li>It must produce 3 kW of power or more continuously (24 x 7 x 365 x 20).<\/li>\n<li>On a daily basis, it must be capable of gathering two to three times\u00a0the energy required for a 24 hour period, on the least sunny day of the year. \u00a0(<a title=\"NREL - Solar Radiation Manual\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/legosti\/old\/5607.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">NREL solar radiation manual<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>It must be capable of storing the energy required for 3 to 5 days of continuous usage with no energy input.<\/li>\n<li>Any person with basic mechanical skills should be able to install the system.<\/li>\n<li>The total <a title=\"LCOE Calculation\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levelised_energy_cost\" target=\"_blank\">Levelized\u00a0Cost of Energy<\/a> (LCoE) must be under $20 per MWh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The basic system layout<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_476\" style=\"width: 367px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/BasicStirlingSystemLayout6.bmp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-476\" class=\"size-full wp-image-476  \" title=\"BasicStirlingSystemLayout\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/BasicStirlingSystemLayout6.bmp\" width=\"357\" height=\"692\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-476\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Semi-Steampunk Energy Flow Diagram<\/p><\/div>\n<p>This system layout image represents the\u00a0individual\u00a0pieces and the energy flows\u00a0between the individual components. The flow controller, controls the heat distribution between components.<\/p>\n<p>The system\u00a0consists\u00a0of six main\u00a0components. Solar thermal cells for gathering energy. An insulated thermal mass for storing the energy (dirt or water). A heat radiator for disposing of waste heat. An LTD Stirling engine for generating energy. A flow controller for for fluid flow, preventing energy loss from the system, and increasing efficiency. An inverter to connect to the grid and convert DC power from the generator to AC usable in your house and power grid.<\/p>\n<p>Each\u00a0component is designed to be as inexpensive, modular, easily\u00a0replaceable, and mass\u00a0producible\u00a0 as possible.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/BasicLabeldStirlingSystemLayout.bmp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-738\" title=\"BasicLabeldStirlingSystemLayout\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/BasicLabeldStirlingSystemLayout.bmp\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Solar Thermal<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Panels<\/strong>\u00a0absorb the suns energy in the form of heat. The price for\u00a0<a title=\"Alibaba solar thermal panels.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.alibaba.com\/showroom\/solar-thermal-panel.html\" target=\"_blank\">solar thermal panels averages $150 per square meter<\/a>.\u00a0<a title=\"Extruded Case Thermal Panels\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/extruded-plastic-solar-thermal-panel-case\/\" target=\"_blank\">Extrude plastic cased panels<\/a>\u00a0can reduce the cost to $33-$47 USD per square meter, with slightly lower efficiency.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Thermal Mass<\/strong>\u00a0is a fancy engineering way of saying insulated pile of dirt or bucket of water. This is used to store the heat absorbed through the solar panels. \u00a0The cost of this varies greatly. It can be dirt insulated all around with hay bales and covered with plastic ~$600 USD, \u00a04 &#8211; <a title=\"high specific gravity 2500 gallon water tank price.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tanksforlotless.com\/liquid-storage-tanks\/heavy-weight\/2500-gallon-poly-mart-heavy-weight-liquid-storage-tank\" target=\"_blank\">2,500 gallon water tanks<\/a> filled with water or sand ~$4,700 USD, a 9 x 20 shipping container insulated and filled with dirt or sand ~$1,100 USD, or an\u00a0insulated\u00a0hole in the ground ~$800 USD. This includes the cost of the <a title=\"Alibaba Aluminum Tubing\" href=\"http:\/\/www.alibaba.com\/showroom\/aluminum-tube.html\" target=\"_blank\">aluminum tubing which runs from $1.5 to $2.0 per pound<\/a>. There should be multiple thermal masses, or zones within a single thermal mass, each filled to\u00a0thermal saturation in sequence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Flow Controller<\/strong> is used to transfer liquid to and from each of the\u00a0components. It is designed to keep as much heat in the system, and reuse the remaining heat as often as possible. When the system is energy saturated, or when there is no alternative, it will dump the energy out via the radiator. The multiple thermal masses or zones, at different temperatures,\u00a0and external temperatures at different times of day, make waste heat reuse an efficient way to extract as much energy from the system as possible. This will run $150 to $300 USD.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Heat Radiator\u00a0<\/strong>is used to radiate waste heat from the system, or as a heat sink when the system is saturated. This can be a standard aluminum fin radiator and fan, a cold body of water, a hole or trench in the ground with a pipe running into or through it, or any thing else at a lower temperature. The cost varies with type of radiator.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LTD Stirling\u00a0<\/strong>is the key to this system. The design uses two\u00a0separate\u00a0heating and cooling chambers (upper and lower) with a shared piston, the volume is 9 cubic feet (68 gallons), it has 500 sq ft of radiator surface area (floor area of a large two car garage), it is 6.5 feet tall, 3.5 feet wide and 3 feet deep, can be vertically or rack mounted, and is designed to produce up to 6 kW of power, but will be run at 3-4 kW for greater efficiency. The larger these units are, the greater the radiant surface area. The slower they run the closer they can get to <a title=\"Wikipedia - Carnot Cycle\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnot_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">Carnot efficiencies<\/a>. The <a title=\"Full Design\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/image-of-the-final-design\/\" target=\"_blank\">full design specs are available here<\/a>. These units can be daisy chained together, one to the next. The cost of this device is between $180 and $350 USD.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Version10StirlingFinal4.bmp\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-685\" title=\"Version10StirlingFinal\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Version10StirlingFinal4.bmp\" width=\"580\" height=\"3197\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Grid\u00a0Synchronized\u00a0Inverter\u00a0<\/strong>allows you to attach to the power grid. These are now commodity items and the price for a UL Listed\u00a0<a title=\"Alibaba - 5 kW Grid Synchronized Inverter.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.alibaba.com\/trade\/search?fsb=y&amp;IndexArea=product_en&amp;CatId=&amp;SearchText=5+kw+Grid+connected+inverter\" target=\"_blank\">5 kW unit is from $1,000 to $2,500<\/a>\u00a0depending on manufacturer.<\/p>\n<p><strong>System Cost\u00a0<\/strong>is based on the location and\u00a0available\u00a0kWh\/m^2\/day (kilowatt hours per meter squared per day), on the least sunny month of the year, for me that is December. According to the\u00a0<a title=\"NREL - Solar Radiation Manual\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/legosti\/old\/5607.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">NREL solar radiation manual<\/a>\u00a0for where I am, 50 miles south of New York City, that is 1.9 kWh\/m^2\/day. Over the period of a year the power varies greatly from 1.9 &#8211; 6.2 \u00a0kWh\/m^2\/day.<\/p>\n<p>3 kW continuous output, over a 24 hour period, with 30%\u00a0efficiency, requires we gather 240 kWh, to produce the 72 kWh this system will produce over the period of a day. One of our design criteria is, we gather 2 &#8211; 3 times the power required for a given day. For safety the further north you go the higher the multiple should be. For where I am it is ~2.5, for Texas 1.9 &#8211; 2, for Maine 3.0.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Panel Cost<\/span><br \/>\n600 kWh = 2.5 x 240 kWh<br \/>\n315.78 square meter = 600 kWh \\ 1.9\u00a0kWh\/m^2\/day<br \/>\n$10,428 = 315.78 sq meter * $33 per square meter<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Other Costs<\/span><br \/>\n$1,100 &#8211; Thermal Mass (Shipping container or insulated hole in the ground)<br \/>\n$250 &#8211; Flow Controller<br \/>\n$200 &#8211; Heat Radiator<br \/>\n$250 &#8211; LTD Stirling<br \/>\n$1,500 &#8211; Grid Synchronized Inverter<\/p>\n<p>$13,728 &#8211;\u00a0Total Parts Cost<\/p>\n<p>NOTE: <em>None of these calculations take into account the reuse and recycling of the energy gathered, by cycling the energy into other zones or thermal masses at lower temperatures. (IE\u00a090 C &#8211;&gt; 60 C &#8211;&gt; 30 C &#8211;&gt; radiator, where &#8220;&#8211;&gt;&#8221; is the LTD Stirling, and the temperatures are of different zones or thermal masses) Above are worst case calculations. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The thermodynamic efficiency of a solar based \u00a0LTD Stirling changes\u00a0based on time of year, and time of day, based on the outside (radiator) temperature. It is not that <a title=\"Wikipedia Carnot cycle\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnot_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">Carnot<\/a> takes a holiday (eff not\u00a0= <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnot_cycle#The_Carnot_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">1 &#8211; tc\/th<\/a>). It is that the temperature differential changes,\u00a0changing the efficiency. The greater the temperature differential, the greater efficiency of an engine. During the summer months you have a plethora\u00a0of energy (3x winter), and poor (5%-15%) efficiencies due to a low\u00a0temperature differential between the heat source and the radiator (outside air).\u00a0During the winter months you have a high (15%-30%) efficiency, due to\u00a0the high temperature differential \u00a0between the heat source and radiator. This allows the system to generate power in the winter more efficiently, with less energy input. It is counter intuitive and thermodynamics at work.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Designing the system based on the day to day data for Newark New Jersey over the same time period, taking into account energy reuse and smart energy management, we can reduce our multiple to 2 and only require 288 kWh worth of panels. Reducing the panel cost to $5002.10 USD and the system cost to $8302 USD. With the economies of scale and alternate production\u00a0techniques, \u00a0<a title=\"Honeycomb spacer for solar cells. \" href=\"http:\/\/israel21c.org\/environment\/new-solar-device-keeps-homes-warm-even-in-cold-climes\/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing the thermal efficiency of the panels<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"TIGI\u2019s Honeycomb Collector \" href=\"http:\/\/www.tigisolar.com\/index.php?id=33\" target=\"_blank\">(1)<\/a>, \u00a0further cost reductions are possible, reducing the system cost another ~$3,000 USD, making the system cost approximately $5500 USD. The cost would be lower in southern states like FL, TX, AZ, southern CA.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Total Energy Output\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0over the period of a day is 72 kWh of energy. With a lifespan a 25 years, the total power output is&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>657,000 kWh\u00a0= 25 year * 365 days * 24 hours * 3 kWh<\/p>\n<p>657 MWh total energy produced over the life span of the Stirling.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Levelized Cost\u00a0of Energy\u00a0<\/strong>or <a title=\"LCOE Calculation\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levelised_energy_cost\" target=\"_blank\">LCOE<\/a>\u00a0is basically the the cost of the generating plant, fuel, and\u00a0maintenance over its life span, minus\u00a0subsidies, divided by the\u00a0total energy generated over the period of a generators life span.<\/p>\n<p>The LCOE for the first non-optimized design is\u00a0$13,728 \/ 657 MWh or $20.89 USD per MWh. Optimizing just a little brings the LCOE to $8,302 \/ 657 MWh or $12.66 USD per MWh. Allowing for the economies of scale, automation, home building techniques, reduced energy costs in manufacture, and other things this article didn&#8217;t have room for, gets the LCOE to $5,500 \/ 657 MWh or $8.37 USD per MWh.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Comparing the <a title=\"Wikipedia - Cost of energy by source\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cost_of_electricity_by_source#US_Department_of_Energy_estimates\" target=\"_blank\">current cost of energy<\/a>\u00a0at ~$100 USD per MWh, to a system based on a redesign of a 100 &#8211; 200 year old technology, shows that sub $20 USD per MWh energy is possible with technology available today. It also shows that renewable energy can be far cheaper than fossil fuels with a little creativity.<\/p>\n<p>David Fuchs can be <a title=\"Email link to the right\" href=\"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/u\/0\/108971911025874242115\/posts\" target=\"_blank\">contacted on Google +<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>The article is at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2012\/12\/29\/using-thermodynamics-100-year-old-technology-to-break-the-20-per-mwh-barrier\/\" target=\"_blank\">cleantechnica.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/hydrogen-flakes-using-plastic-solar-cells-to-produce-hydrogen\/\">\u00a0&lt;- Previous<\/a> \u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/extruded-plastic-solar-thermal-panel-case\/\" target=\"_blank\">Next -&gt;<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a title=\"David Fuchs On Google+\" href=\"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/u\/0\/108971911025874242115\/posts\" target=\"_blank\">Contact<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Possible Title : Using Thermodynamics and 100 Year Old Technology To Break The $20 per MWh Barrier\u00a0 Sub $20 per MWh Energy &#8211; Part 1 &#8211;\u00a0Using Thermodynamics and 100 Year Old Technology To Break The $20 per MWh Barrier\u00a0 For &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/clean-technica-article-on-sub-20-per-mwh-energy\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-energy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=386"}],"version-history":[{"count":339,"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1629,"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386\/revisions\/1629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hephaestusproject.com\/Energy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}